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Caterpillars

Caterpillars: leaf feeders and stinging species

Caterpillars, the larvae of moths and butterflies, chew leaves, flowers, shoots and fruit, but many plants, especially perennials, tolerate a lot of leaf damage, and handpicking plus natural enemies is often enough. A few species can sting when touched.[1][2]

The short answer

  • Most caterpillars do only tolerable damage and are kept in check by natural enemies, so start by finding out which one you have. The guides below cover hornworms, cabbageworms, cutworms, lawn armyworms and sod webworms, tent caterpillars and webworms, bagworms, codling moths and the stinging species.[1]
  • Look for chewed holes, droppings, and rolled or webbed leaves; prune those out and handpick caterpillars into soapy water.[1]
  • Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) kills only caterpillars that eat treated leaves and is safe near bees and wildlife; it works best on small, newly hatched caterpillars.[1]
  • Don't treat butterfly garden plants, or you'll kill the future butterflies.[1]
  • Don't touch brightly colored, spiny or furry caterpillars with bare hands; remove one with a stick.[2][3]

If someone may be poisoned

  • If someone is stung by a caterpillar, call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222. Expert help is free, confidential and available 24 hours a day.[4]
  • Call 911 right away for difficulty breathing, fainting, or swelling of the lips, face or tongue after a sting. If hairs get in the eyes, rinse them with lukewarm water.[4]

Caterpillar profiles

Tomato hornworm, a large green caterpillar with white V-shaped markings along its side, on a tomato stem next to a ripening tomato Tomato Hornworm Manduca quinquemaculata The tomato hornworm is one of the largest caterpillars in the vegetable garden, up to about 4 inches long, with a horn at its rear end. It chews leaves and fruit of tomato and related plants and can defoliate them quickly. Cabbage white butterfly, the adult of the imported cabbageworm, with creamy white wings marked by black forewing spots, feeding on a daisy Imported Cabbageworm Pieris rapae The imported cabbageworm is the caterpillar of the familiar small white butterfly, the cabbage white. It chews ragged holes in cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale and other cole crops, and it bores into heads as it grows. Cabbage looper moth resting on weathered wood, with mottled gray-brown forewings and a small silvery white mark near the center of each wing Cabbage Looper Trichoplusia ni The cabbage looper is the caterpillar of a gray-brown moth that flies mainly at night. It chews ragged holes in cabbage-family crops and many other vegetables and flowers, and it crawls by looping its body like an inchworm. Adult black cutworm moth, the parent of the black cutworm caterpillar, dark brown with mottled forewings, resting on pale bark Cutworms Several moth species, e.g., black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) Cutworm is a general name for the caterpillars of dozens of moth species. They earned the name by cutting off young plants at or just below the soil line, and seedlings and fresh transplants suffer most. Fall armyworm caterpillar, a slender gray-green larva with fine lengthwise stripes and an orange-brown head, on a green grass blade Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworms are moth caterpillars that prefer grasses. Often noticed in late summer, large numbers can turn a green lawn brown in a few hours or practically overnight, and they feed and move in groups, which is how they earned the armyworm name. Bluegrass sod webworm moth, a slender tan lawn moth with wings rolled tightly around its body and a pointed snout, resting on white fabric Sod Webworms Crambinae lawn moths, e.g., Parapediasia teterrella (bluegrass sod webworm), Pediasia trisecta and Crambus species Sod webworms are caterpillars of small, pale lawn moths with snout-like mouthparts. The larvae hide in silk-lined tunnels in the thatch by day and chew grass blades at night, leaving small brown patches that can merge during dry summers. Eastern tent caterpillar, hairy with a white stripe down the back and blue and black side markings Eastern Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma americana Eastern tent caterpillars build silk tents in the crotches of wild cherry, apple and crabapple in spring. They can nearly defoliate a tree, but the tree usually recovers and puts out new leaves. It is a native insect with many natural enemies, and often no spraying is needed. Forest tent caterpillar, a hairy blue and black caterpillar with a row of white keyhole-shaped spots down its back, on green leaves Forest Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma disstria Despite its name, the forest tent caterpillar doesn't build a tent, and it is often mistakenly called an armyworm because the caterpillars feed in groups. It is a native spring caterpillar that periodically defoliates aspen, oak, basswood, birch and other hardwoods, then crawls over buildings and roads in search of places to spin cocoons. Two western tent caterpillars, dark hairy larvae with orange markings, feeding on a green leaf Western Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma californicum Western tent caterpillars hatch around budbreak and feed in groups inside silk tents on aspen, fruit trees, oak, willow and many other broadleaf hosts. Healthy trees tolerate the leaf loss, and natural enemies often keep numbers in check. Many fall webworm caterpillars inside a loose silken web spun over foliage Fall Webworm Hyphantria cunea The fall webworm is a native caterpillar that spins large, loose webs over the ends of branches on a long list of deciduous trees and shrubs. The webs look alarming from midsummer into fall, but on healthy, established trees the damage is mostly cosmetic. Two bagworm bags made of silk and dried leaf pieces hanging from a bare twig against a blue sky Bagworm Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Bagworms are caterpillars that build spindle-shaped bags of silk and bits of plant material and feed from inside them. Ohio State says they are hard to control because they often go unnoticed until the larvae are mature, by which time arborvitae, cedar or juniper can be badly defoliated; Missouri Extension notes complete defoliation is not uncommon. Codling moth at rest on pale wood, wings folded tentlike, with gray banded wings and a dark coppery brown patch at each wing tip Codling Moth Cydia pomonella Codling moth is the infamous worm in the apple. Its caterpillars bore into apples, pears and English walnuts soon after hatching and tunnel toward the core, leaving holes packed with reddish-brown droppings. Spongy moth egg mass, a tan fuzzy patch on bark, with newly hatched caterpillars Spongy Moth Lymantria dispar The spongy moth, formerly called the gypsy moth, is an invasive defoliator from Europe whose caterpillars feed on the leaves of hundreds of kinds of trees and shrubs, oaks above all. Management changes with the season to target whichever life stage is present. Group of redhumped caterpillars with red heads, red humps and yellow, black and white stripes, feeding on a leaf Redhumped Caterpillar Schizura concinna (iNaturalist: Oedemasia concinna) Redhumped caterpillars feed side by side in groups and can strip branches of sweetgum, plum and walnut, but spot pruning and parasitic wasps usually keep them in check. Whitemarked tussock moth caterpillar on a green leaf, covered in long gray-white hairs with pale tufts along its back and a dark stripe Tussock Moth Caterpillars (whitemarked tussock moth) Orgyia leucostigma Tussock moth caterpillars are hairy, brightly tufted caterpillars that feed on the leaves of many trees and shrubs. This page centers on the whitemarked tussock moth, a native species that can suddenly become abundant, and whose hairs can irritate skin. Saddleback caterpillar on a leaf, with a bright green middle, a white-ringed brown saddle spot and spiny brown horns at both ends Saddleback Caterpillar Acharia stimulea The saddleback caterpillar is a slug caterpillar, a stinging moth larva named for the saddle-shaped spot in the middle of its green back. Clemson calls it the most common slug caterpillar, and poison center records list it among the caterpillars that actually cause stings. Puss caterpillar, a teardrop-shaped larva covered in long gray fur with its small brown head showing, on a dry leaf Puss Caterpillar (southern flannel moth) Megalopyge opercularis The puss caterpillar is the larva of the southern flannel moth. Its soft, fur-like coat hides short venomous spines, and medical reviews count it among the most serious stinging caterpillars in North America. Io moth caterpillar on a green leaf, pale green with a red and white stripe along its side and clusters of yellow-green branched spines Io Moth Caterpillar Automeris io The io moth caterpillar is the larva of a giant silkworm moth. Most giant silkworm caterpillars are harmless, but this one carries stinging spines, and Clemson calls it the largest stinging caterpillar commonly encountered in South Carolina. Buck moth caterpillar climbing a grass blade, black with fine white speckles, reddish-brown leg bases and rows of branched black spines on orange-brown bumps Buck Moth Caterpillar Hemileuca maia The buck moth caterpillar is the larva of a giant silkworm moth that feeds mainly on oaks in spring. Its branched spines carry venom, and a sting can be severely painful; Poison Control lists it among the venomous caterpillars of the U.S. Hag moth caterpillar, a brown hairy caterpillar with curled fleshy lobes that resembles a dried leaf, on a leaf Hag Moth Caterpillar Phobetron pithecium The hag moth caterpillar resembles a dried leaf, yet all of its fleshy lobes carry stinging hairs. Spiny oak-slug caterpillar, yellow-green with spiny yellow lobes and red spots, on a leaf Spiny Oak-Slug Euclea delphinii The spiny oak-slug is a stinging slug caterpillar, less venomous than the saddleback but still worth avoiding. Stinging rose caterpillar, orange and yellow with dark stripes down the back and spiny yellow horns, on a leaf Stinging Rose Caterpillar Parasa indetermina The stinging rose caterpillar's bright stripes and spiny horns are warning colors: the spines sting. It is a slug caterpillar of eastern forests, widespread but not particularly common. Hickory tussock moth caterpillar covered in white hairs with black tufts along its back Hickory Tussock Moth Lophocampa caryae Hickory tussock moth caterpillars are fuzzy white and black caterpillars, often common in fall, whose loose, barbed hairs can lodge in skin and cause a local rash. Browntail moth caterpillar, dark and hairy with rows of orange markings, on a leaf Browntail Moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea The browntail moth is an invasive moth whose caterpillars and cocoons carry toxic hairs that cause skin rashes and, if breathed in, breathing problems. The National Park Service calls it a pest of both human and forest health; Maine has had outbreaks for about a decade. Pale green, flattened crowned slug caterpillar fringed with spiny plumes, with small red marks on its back Crowned Slug Caterpillar Isa textula The crowned slug is a flat, pale green slug caterpillar ringed with plumes of stinging hairs; it feeds on oak, maple, cherry and other hardwoods in summer and fall and can sting painfully if touched. Yellow American dagger moth caterpillar with long black hair pencils American Dagger Moth Acronicta americana The American dagger moth caterpillar is a fuzzy yellow, greenish or white caterpillar with slender black hair tufts; it feeds on the leaves of shade trees and is most often seen wandering in late summer and fall. Young black-waved flannel moth caterpillar covered in long white wispy hairs on a leaf Black-waved Flannel Moth Megalopyge crispata (also listed as Lagoa crispata) The black-waved, or crinkled, flannel moth caterpillar is a fuzzy caterpillar that looks a lot like the puss caterpillar. Its coat of long, soft hairs hides short venomous spines that sting if you brush against it or pick it up. White flannel moth caterpillar on a painted board: yellow body with a dark brown-black band down the back, rows of raised yellow warts and tufts of long pale hairs White Flannel Moth Norape ovina The white flannel moth caterpillar, also called the hackberry leafslug, is a stinging caterpillar that NC State says turns up more often on redbud than on hackberry. Brushing bare skin against it breaks off stinging hairs, and the sting is about like a bee's or wasp's. Tan banded tussock moth caterpillar with long black and white hair pencils Banded Tussock Moth Halysidota tessellaris The banded tussock moth caterpillar, also called the pale tussock moth caterpillar, is a fuzzy tan to gray caterpillar with long black and white hair pencils at both ends. It is a tiger moth, not one of the true tussock moths, and it feeds on the leaves of many hardwood trees. Poplar tentmaker caterpillar with yellow stripes on a leaf Poplar Tentmaker Clostera inclusa The poplar tentmaker is a hairy, yellow-striped caterpillar that lives in groups inside tents of leaves tied together with silk on poplar and willow, sometimes stripping trees by midsummer. Orange pandorus sphinx caterpillar with white oval spots on a stem Pandorus Sphinx Eumorpha pandorus The pandorus sphinx is a large sphinx moth whose spotted caterpillars feed on grape, Virginia creeper and other vines in the grape family. Genista broom moth caterpillar with black spots, yellow patches and white hairs Genista Broom Moth Uresiphita reversalis The genista broom moth is a native moth whose group-feeding caterpillars can strip the leaves of baptisia, brooms, Texas mountain laurel and other pea-family plants. Tersa sphinx caterpillar, green with eyespots along its side Tersa Sphinx Xylophanes tersa The tersa sphinx is a sphinx moth whose large, eyespotted caterpillars feed on pentas, firebush and related plants. Florida fern moth with brown variegated wings spread Florida Fern Caterpillar Callopistria floridensis The Florida fern caterpillar is a moth caterpillar that specializes on ferns, especially Boston and Kimberly Queen ferns. Eastern pine looper moth resting with wings spread in a triangle Eastern Pine Looper Lambdina pellucidaria The eastern pine looper is a native inchworm caterpillar that feeds on the needles of pitch pine, red pine and other hard pines. Euonymus caterpillars feeding in silk webbing on euonymus Euonymus Caterpillar Yponomeuta cagnagella The euonymus caterpillar is the larva of the spindle ermine moth, a European moth whose webbing caterpillars defoliate euonymus. Eastern spruce budworm moth with mottled brown wings Eastern Spruce Budworm Choristoneura fumiferana The eastern spruce budworm is a native caterpillar that defoliates balsam fir and spruce across northern North America. Elm spanworm moth with pure white wings Elm Spanworm Ennomos subsignaria The elm spanworm is a native inchworm that feeds on many hardwoods besides elm and periodically defoliates large forest areas. Saddled prominent caterpillar, green with a reddish saddle mark on its back Saddled Prominent Cecrita guttivitta (formerly Heterocampa guttivitta) The saddled prominent is a native moth whose caterpillars periodically defoliate beech, sugar maple and birch forests in late summer. Variable oakleaf caterpillar, green with pale stripes and a reddish patch on its back, on a leaf Variable Oakleaf Caterpillar Lochmaeus manteo (formerly Heterocampa manteo) The variable oakleaf caterpillar is a native caterpillar that defoliates oaks and other hardwoods in eastern North America, mostly late in the season. Hemlock looper moth, pale tan with dark-edged bands on its wings Hemlock Looper Lambdina fiscellaria The hemlock looper is a native inchworm that defoliates hemlock and balsam fir, and in an outbreak it can kill hemlock after a single year of defoliation. Satin moth caterpillar with white spots and tufts of hair Satin Moth Leucoma salicis The satin moth is a European tussock moth whose caterpillars defoliate poplars and willows in the Northeast. Oriental moth caterpillar, green and yellow with spiny horns, on a leaf Oriental Moth Monema flavescens (formerly Cnidocampa flavescens) The oriental moth is an Asian slug moth whose brightly colored caterpillars, called stinging nettle caterpillars, carry spines that sting like nettles. Adult garden webworm moth, tan to orange-brown with darker markings, resting on a wall Garden Webworm Achyra rantalis The garden webworm is a small, spotted caterpillar that ties leaves together with silk and feeds inside, skeletonizing soybeans, alfalfa, many vegetables and weeds; badly damaged plants end up covered in webbing. It is usually an occasional pest. Adult variegated cutworm moth (pearly underwing), mottled brown, resting on a leaf Variegated Cutworm Peridroma saucia The variegated cutworm, nicknamed the climbing cutworm, is a plump moth caterpillar that climbs plants at night to eat leaves, flowers, buds and fruit, and it also cuts off seedlings near the soil line. Adult green cloverworm moth, mottled gray-brown with a snout-like projection, resting on a wall Green Cloverworm Hypena scabra The green cloverworm is a slender green caterpillar with a white stripe along each side that chews the leaves of soybeans, beans, alfalfa, clover and other legumes; it is common but rarely does enough damage to need control. Adult achemon sphinx moth with pinkish-brown forewings, squarish dark spots and pink hind wings Achemon Sphinx Eumorpha achemon The achemon sphinx, also called the grape sphinx, is a large sphinx moth whose hornworm caterpillars, up to about 3.5 inches long, feed on grape and Virginia creeper leaves. Unicorn caterpillar, mottled brown with a horn-like hump, on the chewed edge of a leaf Unicorn Caterpillar Schizura unicornis (now placed in Coelodasys by iNaturalist) The unicorn caterpillar is the larva of a native prominent moth; it feeds alone on the leaves of many broadleaf trees and shrubs, and its mottled body with a horn-like hump looks like part of a chewed leaf edge. Male linden looper moth, pale tan with wavy brown bands across the wings Linden Looper Erannis tiliaria The linden looper is a native inchworm whose yellow, pinstriped caterpillars eat the leaves of linden, oak, maple, elm, birch, apple and many other trees in spring; most years it goes unnoticed, but periodic outbreaks defoliate trees. Zebra caterpillar with bold black, yellow and white stripes, curled on a leaf Zebra Caterpillar Melanchra picta The zebra caterpillar is a boldly striped moth caterpillar that feeds on many vegetables, flowers and small fruits. The young caterpillars feed in groups and skeletonize leaves before they spread out, but it is generally not considered a serious pest. Cross-striped cabbageworm caterpillars, bluish gray with black cross-bands, on a brassica leaf riddled with holes Cross-Striped Cabbageworm Evergestis rimosalis The cross-striped cabbageworm is a moth caterpillar that feeds on cabbage, collards, broccoli and other brassicas. Because the moths lay their eggs in clusters, one plant can carry many caterpillars that riddle the leaves and bore into the heads while the plant next to it is left alone. Whitelined sphinx moth with white-striped brown wings and a pink-banded hindwing, hovering at a pink zinnia Whitelined Sphinx Hyles lineata The whitelined sphinx is a large hawk moth found across most of North America. It is the most common hornworm in Colorado and by far the most commonly seen 'hummingbird moth.' Fir tussock moth caterpillar on concrete, with yellowish tufts along its back, long black hair pencils at the front and rear, and orange-red markings Fir Tussock Moth Orgyia detrita The fir tussock moth is a small tussock moth of the southeastern Coastal Plain. Despite its name, its caterpillars are documented only on oaks and bald cypress. In some years the tufted caterpillars are very numerous, and they become a problem when they leave the trees to spin cocoons on buildings and fences, because their hairs and cocoons cause itchy rashes. Western tussock moth caterpillar on a leafy twig, hairy and gray with red spots, pale tufts along its back and long black tufts at the front and rear Western Tussock Moth Orgyia vetusta The western tussock moth, common throughout California, is a tussock moth whose colorful, tufted caterpillars feed on fruit and nut trees, oaks, willows and many landscape shrubs. Most years they are kept in check by natural enemies, but local outbreaks can strip trees, the caterpillars scar young fruit, and their hairs can irritate skin. Rusty tussock moth caterpillar on a leaf, with pale tufts on its back, red-orange spots and long black tufts at the head and tail Rusty Tussock Moth Orgyia antiqua The rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua) came to North America from Europe and is now established across Canada and south to the mid-Atlantic states and northern California. Its showy, hairy caterpillars feed on more than 50 kinds of trees and shrubs, conifers included. Outbreaks are usually small and short, and the main thing to watch for is the caterpillar hairs, which can cause allergic reactions.

Is it a caterpillar?

Sawfly larvae look much like moth and butterfly caterpillars. Count the fleshy prolegs on the abdomen: caterpillars have two to five pairs, sawfly larvae six pairs or more. The difference matters because Btk is specific to caterpillars and does not kill sawfly larvae.[6]

Which caterpillar guide you need

  • Very large caterpillar with a horn-like tail on tomatoes: a tomato hornworm. They can reach four inches long, and damage grows quickly as they get bigger, so check plants at least twice a week in summer (tomato hornworm guide).[7]
  • Green, velvety, slow-moving caterpillars on cabbage: imported cabbageworms, which feed along leaf midribs and can bore into cabbage heads (cabbage worm guide).[8]
  • Seedlings clipped off near or just below the soil line: cutworms, which hide on or just below the soil surface and feed at night. Collars around seedlings and handpicking with a flashlight after dark both work (cutworm guide).[9]
  • Lawn patches that look drought-stressed or scalped: armyworms, or small brown patches about the size of a quarter from sod webworms (lawn armyworm and sod webworm guide).[10][11]
  • Silk tents on trees: eastern tent caterpillar tents sit in branch crotches and forks in spring, while fall webworm webs enclose the ends of branches from late summer into fall. Never burn tents (tent caterpillar and webworm guide).[12][13]
  • Bags of silk and plant bits on juniper, arborvitae, pine or other evergreens: bagworms. Picking off the bags and dropping them in soapy water is effective (bagworm guide).[14]
  • Apples or pears with entry holes marked by tiny mounds of reddish-brown frass: codling moth larvae, which bore into apples, pears and walnuts (codling moth guide).[15]

Leaf-feeding caterpillars

Bt kurstaki controls the caterpillars of moths and butterflies. They have to eat it: the spores damage the gut and the larvae die within 1 to 5 days, young larvae are affected most, and the spores break down rapidly on plant surfaces in sunlight, so timing matters.[5][1]

  • Parasitic wasps and flies attack most caterpillar species; look for cocoons on or next to caterpillars, darkened eggs, or exit holes in dead caterpillars.[1]
  • Birds, assassin bugs, lacewings, ground beetles, spiders and naturally occurring diseases also kill many caterpillars.[1]
  • Use insecticides only when damage is intolerable, other methods haven't worked and caterpillars are still small, and avoid ones that kill beneficial insects. Spinosad is a microbial-based insecticide, but it can harm some beneficial insects.[1]
  • Common examples: cabbage loopers, which move in a looping pattern; leafrollers, which hide in silk-tied leaves and drop on a thread when disturbed; fall webworms, which feed in groups inside silk tents; armyworms; and hornworms.[1]

Stinging caterpillars

Stinging caterpillars have hollow, quill-like hairs connected to poison sacs. Touching them can cause anything from mild itching to severe pain, swelling, blistering and even stomach upset. Only the caterpillars sting; the adult moths don't.[2]

Most stinging caterpillars belong to three groups: puss caterpillars, slug caterpillars and giant silkworm moths. Most stings come from careless handling or brushing against trees and shrubs during yard work. They are rarely found in large numbers, so preventive sprays are not recommended; a single caterpillar can be clipped off with its leaf or stem and moved.[3][2]

  • Puss caterpillar: about 1 inch, covered in a dense, woolly coat of soft brown hair with a tail of hair at the rear; venomous spines hide underneath, and its sting is often worse than other caterpillars'.[2][3]
  • Saddleback: brown at both ends with a green 'saddle' and purple center spot, and horns front and rear; stings can cause severe irritation.[2]
  • Io moth: light green to yellow with a red and white stripe along each side and branched, black-tipped yellow spines.[2]
  • Buck moth: brown to purplish black with yellow spots and branched black spines, common on oak and willow from spring to midsummer.[2]

If you're stung

  • Press adhesive or transparent tape on the area to pull out broken spines, then wash thoroughly with soap and water.[2]
  • An ice pack or baking soda may ease pain and swelling. Sources differ on antihistamines: Kentucky Extension says they are reportedly ineffective for caterpillar stings, while Poison Control suggests hydrocortisone cream for itching and an oral or topical antihistamine if that doesn't help.[2][4]
  • See a doctor for severe reactions; very young, older and unhealthy people are more likely to react severely.[2]

Common questions

Should I spray for caterpillars?
Usually not. UC IPM says many plants tolerate substantial leaf damage, handpicking and natural enemies often give enough control, and insecticides belong only where damage is intolerable and caterpillars are still small. If you treat, Btk kills only caterpillars that eat treated leaves.[1]
Does Bt kill sawfly larvae?
No. Minnesota Extension says Btk is specific to caterpillars and does not kill sawfly larvae, which have six or more pairs of prolegs.[6]
Which caterpillars sting?
Mainly puss caterpillars, slug caterpillars such as the saddleback, and a few giant silkworm moths such as the io and buck moths. Brightly colored, spiny or furry caterpillars are best left alone.[3][2]

Caterpillar guides

This page is the overview. Start with identification, then open the guide for the caterpillar or problem you have.

Photo credits

Sources

  1. University of California Statewide IPM Program, “Leaf-Feeding Caterpillars (Home and Landscape).” ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/leaf-feeding-caterpillars/ (accessed 2026-10-06)
  2. University of Kentucky Entomology, “ENTFACT-003: Stinging Caterpillars.” entomology.mgcafe.uky.edu/ef003 (accessed 2026-10-06)
  3. Clemson University Home & Garden Information Center, “Stinging Caterpillars, HGIC 2482.” hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/stinging-caterpillars/ (accessed 2026-11-10)
  4. Poison Control, National Capital Poison Center, “Are caterpillars poisonous?.” www.poison.org/articles/caterpillar-stings (accessed 2026-11-10)
  5. National Pesticide Information Center, “Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) General Fact Sheet.” npic.orst.edu/factsheets/btgen.html (accessed 2026-11-10)
  6. University of Minnesota Extension, “Sawflies (J. Hahn, J. Lloyd; reviewed 2026).” extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/sawflies (accessed 2026-11-10)
  7. University of Minnesota Extension, “Tomato hornworms in home gardens.” extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/tomato-hornworms (accessed 2026-11-10)
  8. University of California Statewide IPM Program, “Imported Cabbageworm (Home and Landscape).” ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/VEGES/PESTS/importcabwrm.html (accessed 2026-11-10)
  9. University of California Statewide IPM Program, “Cutworms (Home and Landscape).” ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/cutworms/ (accessed 2026-11-10)
  10. Clemson University Home & Garden Information Center, “Armyworms: Identification, Damage, & Control in Turfgrass.” hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/armyworms-identification-damage-control-in-turfgrass/ (accessed 2026-11-10)
  11. University of Minnesota Extension, “Sod webworms.” extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/sod-webworms (accessed 2026-11-10)
  12. Penn State Extension, “Eastern Tent Caterpillar.” extension.psu.edu/eastern-tent-caterpillar (accessed 2026-11-10)
  13. Penn State Extension, “Fall Webworm.” extension.psu.edu/fall-webworm (accessed 2026-11-10)
  14. University of Kentucky Entomology, “ENTFACT-440: Dealing with Bagworms on Landscape Plants (J. L. Larson).” entomology.mgcafe.uky.edu/ef440 (accessed 2026-11-10)
  15. University of California Statewide IPM Program, “Codling Moth (Home and Landscape).” ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/codling-moth/ (accessed 2026-11-10)

Updated 2026-11-10. Built from sourced records. Spot an error? Tell us.